en.wikipedia.org
List of English words of Persian origin - 1
R
rank
from Persian rang meaning "color", as the Sassanid army was ranked and dressed by color[330]
roc
from Persian rukh (name of a legendary bird)
rook
from Middle English rok, from Middle French roc, from Arabic rukh, from Persian رخ rukh (=chess piece)[331]
rose
from Latin rosa, probably from ancient Greek rhodon, possibly ult. from Pers. *varda-.[332][333]
roxanne
fem. proper name, from Fr., from L. Roxane, from Gk. Rhoxane, of Pers. origin (cf. Avestan raoxšna- "shining, bright").[334]
S
Sabzi
Etymology: Hindi sabz, literally, greenness, from Persian. a green vegetable[335]
Saffian
Etymology: Russian saf'yan, from Turkish sahtiyan, from Persian sakhtiyn goatskin, from sakht hard, strong. a leather made of goatskins or sheepskins tanned with sumac and dyed with bright colors.[336]
Samosa
Etymology: Hindi samosa from Persian sambusa. a small triangular pastry filled with spiced meat or vegetables and fried in ghee or oil[337]
Sandal
Etymology: Arabic sandal, from Persian sandal skiff.[338]
Saoshyat
Etymology: Avestan, savior. one of three deliverers of later Zoroastrian eschatology appearing at thousand year intervals and each inaugurating a new order of things and a special period of human progress.[339]
Sapindales
from Persian Spand (اسپند)
Sarangousty
Etymology: Persian sar-angushti thin paste for painting the tips of fingers, from sari angusht fingertip, fromsar head + angusht finger, toe. stucco made waterproof for protection against dampness.[340]
Sard from Persian زرد Zard.
Sarod
Etymology: Hindi sarod, from Persian.[341]
Sarwan
Etymology: Persian saarbaan. a camel driver.[342]
Satrap
governor of a province of ancient Persia, from Latin satrapes, from Greek satrapes, from Old Persian kshathrapavan-, lit. "guardian of the realm,"[343]
scarlet
from Pers. saqalat "a type of red cloth". a rich cloth of bright color. a vivid red that is yellower and slightly paler than apple red[344]
Scimitar
Etymology: Middle French cimeterre, from Old Italian scimitarra, perhaps from Persian shamshir. a type of blade.[345]
Sebesten
Etymology: Middle English, from Arabic sibistn, from Persian segpistan. an East Indian tree (Cordia myxa) with white flowers in loose terminal panicles.[346]
Seer
Etymology: Hindi ser; perhaps akin to Persian seer. a unit of weight.[347]
Seerpaw
Etymology: Sar(head)+paa(feet). head to foot.[348]
Seersucker
Pers. shir o shakkar "striped cloth," lit. "milk and sugar".[349] Also from Sanskrit क्षीरशर्करा (kshirsharkara), or milk-sugar." [350]
Sepoy
Etymology: modification of Portuguese sipai, sipaio, from Hindi sipah, from Persian, horseman, soldier of the cavalry, from sipah army. a native of India employed as a soldier in the service of a European power; especially: one serving in the British army.[351]
Serai
Etymology: from Persian saraay, palace, mansion, inn.[352]
Seraglio
from sarây "inn"[353]
Serang
Etymology: Persian sarhang commander, boatswain, from sar chief + hang authority. boatswain. the skipper of a small boat.[354]
Serdab
Persian sardab ice cellar, from sard cold + ab water. a living room in the basement of a house in the Near East that provides coolness during the summer months[355]
Serendipity
from the Persian fairy tale The Three Princes of Serendip سه شاهزادهى سرانديپ, from Persian
Sarandip سرانديپ(="Sri Lanka"),
Sesban
Etymology: French, from Arabic saisabaan, from Persian sisabaan. Either of two East Indian plants of the genus Sesbania (S. aculeata and S. aegyptiaca).[356]
Setwall
Etymology: from Persian zaadwar.[357]
Shabundar/Shabandar
Etymology: From Persian shahbandar, from shah King + bandar city, harbor.[358]
Shah
Etymology: from shāh, from Old Persian χšāyaþiya (="king"), from an Old Persian verb meaning "to
rule"[359]
Shahi
Etymology: Persian shahi. a former Persian unit of value equal to 1/20 silver kran; also: a corresponding coin of silver or copper or nickel[360]
Shahidi
Etymology: Arabic Shahid (one who bears witness) + Persian suffix i.[361]
Shahin
Etymology: Persiah Shahin (Falcon). an Indian falcon (Falco peregrinus peregrinator) having the underparts of a plain unbarred ferruginous color, being related to the peregrine falcon, and used in falconry[362]
Shahzada
Etymology: Hindi shah-zada, from Persian, from shah king + zada son. The son of a Shah.[363]
Shame
from Persian شرم (sharm).[364]
Shamiana
Etymology: Hindi shamiyana, from Persian shamyanah. a cloth canopy[365]
Shawl
Etymology: from Persian shāl.[366]
Sherristar
Etymology: from Hindi sarrishtadr, from Persian sarrishta(sarreshteh) record office + daar having. Registrar.[367]
Sherry
According to one theory, it is from Jerez in Spain, which itself comes from Pers Shiraz during the time of Rustamid empire in Spain.[368] The theory is also mentioned by Professor. T.B. Irving in one of his book reviews[369]
Sherryvallies
Etymology: modification of Polish szarawary, from Russian sharavary, from Greek sarabara loose trousers, probably of Iranian origin; akin to Persian shalwar, shulwar loose trousers. overalls or protective leggings of thick cloth or leather formerly worn for riding on horseback[370]
Shikar
Etymology: Hindi sikar, from Persian shikaar, Middle Persian shkaar. The word means hunting.[371]
Shikargah
Etymology: Hindi sikaargaah, from Persian shikrgaah, from shikaar hunting + -gah place. A grame preserve.[372]
Shikari
Etymology: From Persian Shikar+Persian suffix (i) denoting possession. a big game hunter.[373]
Shikasta
Etymology: Persian shikasta broken, from shikastan شكستن to break, from Middle Persian
shikastan.[374]
Shikra
Etymology: from Persian shikara bird trained to hunt. a small Indian hawk (Accipiter badius) sometimes used in falconry.[375]
Simurgh
Etymology: from Pers. simurgh, from Pahlavi sin "eagle" + murgh "bird." Cf. Avestan saeno merego "eagle," Skt. syenah "eagle," Arm. cin "kite.". a supernatural bird, rational and ancient, in Pers. mythology.[376]
Sipahis
See Spahi and Sepoy.
Sircar
Etymology: Hindi sarkaar, from Persian sarkaar. a district or province in India under the Mogul empire. the supreme authority. used also as a title of respect. in Bengal a domestic servant having the functions of a steward.[377]
Sitar
Etymology: via Hindi sitar, from Pers. sitar "three-stringed," from sih/seh "three" (O.Pers. thri-) + Persian. tar "string". an Indo-Iranian lute with a long broad neck and a varying number of strings whose various forms are used in Iran, Afghanistana and the Indian subcontinent.[378]
Softa
Etymology: Turkish, from Persian sukhtah burnt, kindled (with love of knowledge).[379]
Sogdian
Etymology: Latin sogdianus, from Old Persian Sughuda. of, relating to, or characteristic of ancient
Sogdiana.[380]
Soorki
: Etymology: Hindi surkh, from Persian surkh, literally, redness, from surkh red, from Middle Persian sukhr; akin to Avestan suXra- bright, Sanskrit sukra[381]
Sowar
Etymology: Persian suwar rider, from Middle Persian asbar, aspwar, from Old Persian asabra- horseman, from asa- horse + -bra- carried by, rider. a mounted orderly. Lancer.[382]
Spahi
Etymology: Middle French spahi, from Turkish sipahi, from Persian سپاه from Pahlavi spāh, from Old Persian taxma spāda, from Avestan spādha, meaning army, military. one of a corps of Algerian native cavalry in the French army normally serving in Africa. one of a corps of largely irregular Turkish cavalry disbanded after the suppression of the Janissaries in 1826.[383][384]
Spinach
Etymology: Middle French espinache, espinage, from Old Spanish espinaca, from Arabic isbnakh, isfinaakh, from Persian aspanakh.[385]
-Stan
meaning "land" or "country", source of place names such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, etc., from Pers. -stan "country," from Indo-Iranian *stanam "place," lit. "where one stands,"[386]
Subahdar
Etymology: Persian subadar, from suba province + -dar having, holding, from Old Persian dar- to hold. the chief native officer of a native company in the former British Indian army having a position about equivalent to that of captain[387]
Sugar
Etymology: The word is Sanskrit which is an Indo-Iranian language of the Indo-Aryan branch but Persian played a role in transmitting it. Middle English sugre, sucre, from Anglo-French sucre, from Medieval Latin saccharum, from Old Italian zucchero, from Arabic sukkar, from Pahlavi shakar, ultimately from Sanskrit sarkara[384][388]
Suclat
Etymology: Hindi suqlaa, from Persian saqalaat a rich cloth. In India any of various woolens; specifically European broadcloth.[389]
Surma
Etymology: Persian Surma. native antimony sulfide used in India to darken the eyelids.[390]
Surnay
Etymology: Persian Surnaay. a Middle Eastern and Central Asian oboe.[391]
syagush
Persian siyah-gush, literally, black ear. Caracal.[392]
Samosa
Etymology: Hindi samos & Urdu samosa, sambsa, from Persian sambusa.[393]
T
Tabasheer
Etymology: Hindi tabshr, from Persian. a siliceous concretion in the joints of the bamboo valued in the East Indies as a medicine.[394]
Tabor
Etymology: Middle English tabur, from Old French, alteration of tambur. See tambour.[395]
Taffeta
Etymology: from Persian taftah meaning woven.[396]
Tahsildar
Etymology: Hindi tahsildar, from Persian, from Arabic tahsil + Persian -dar. a revenue officer in India.[397]
Taj
Etymology: Arabic taj, from Persian taj, crown, crest, cap. a cap worn in Muslim countries; especially: a tall cone-shaped cap worn by dervishes.[398]
Taj Mahal
from Pers., lit. "the best of buildings;" or "the Crown's Place".
Tajikistan
Tajik combined with Persian suffix -stan.[8] Literally meaning "Land of Tajiks" in Persian.
Talc
from Pers. talk "talc."
Tambour
Etymology: French, drum, from Middle French, from Arabic tanbur, modification (influenced by tunbur, a lute) of Persian tabir.[399]
Tambourine
See above.
Tanbur
Etymology: Persian Tambur.[400]
Tangi
Etymology: Persian Tangi. a narrow gorge[401]
Tandoori
from tannur "oven, portable furnace,"+Persian suffix i.
Tapestry
probably from an Iranian source (cf. Pers. taftan, tabidan "to turn, twist").[402]
Tar
Etymology: Persian. An oriental lute.[403]
Tarazet
from (Shahin-e Tarazu) شاهین ترازو
Tass
Etymology: Middle French tasse, from Arabic tass, tassah, from Persian tast. a drinking cup or
bowl.[404]
Tebbad
Etymology: perhaps from Persian tab fever + bad wind, from Middle Persian vat; akin to Avestan vata- wind, Sanskrit vata.[405]
Temacha
Etymology: Persian tamakhra joke, humor. a Persian comic or farcical interlude performed by traveling players.[406]
Thanadar
Etymology: Hindi thandar, from than + Persian -dar having. the chief officer of a thana.[407]
Tiara
via Latin tiara from Persian تاره tara
Timar
Etymology: Turkish timar attendance, care, timar, from Persian tmr sorrow, care. a Turkish fief formerly held under condition of military service.[408]
Tiger
via Greek tigris from an Iranian source
Tigris
From Middle Persian Tigr "arrow", originally from Old Persian Tigra "pointed" or "sharp"
Toque
from O. Pers. taq "veil, shawl."
Tranky
Etymology: Persian dialect tranki. an undecked bark used in the Persian gulf.[409]
Trehala
Etymology: probably from French tréhala, from Turkish tgala, from Persian tighal.[410]
Tulip
Etymology: any of various plants belonging to the genus Tulipa. from French tulipe, from Persian dulband.[411]
Turan
from Persian توران
Turanian
Etymology: Persian Turan Turkistan, the region north of the Oxus + English -ian. A member of any of the peoples of Ural-Altaic stock.[412]
Turanite
Etymology: from Persian Turan + Russian -it' -ite. a basic vanadate of copper prob. Cu5(VO4)2(OH)4.[413]
Turanose
Etymology: German turanos, from Persian Turan + German -os -ose; obtained by the partial hydrolysis of melezitose; 3-α-glucosyl-fructose[414]
Turban
from Persian dulband Band = To close, To tie.[415]
Turkmenistan
Turkmen combined with Persian suffix -stan.[8] Literally meaning "Land of Turkmens" in Persian.
Typhoon
Etymology: from Persian word Toofaan ( طوفان )
U
Uzbekistan
Uzbek combined with Persian suffix -stan.[8] Literally meaning "Land of Uzbeks" in Persian.
V
Vispered
Avestan vispa ratavo meaning all the lords. one of the supplementary ritual texts included in the Avestan sacred writings.[416]
vizier
وزير etymology disputed; general references often derive it from Arabic wazir, "viceroy", lit. "one who bears (the burden of office)", lit. "porter, carrier", from Arabic wazara, "he carried". However, Jared S. Klein derives it from Middle Persian vichir, from Avestan vicira, "arbitrator, judge".
X
Xerxes
Gk. form of O. Pers. Kshayarshan-, lit. "male (i.e. 'hero') among kings," from Kshaya- "king" (cf. shah) + arshan "male, man."
Y
Yarak
Etymology: From Persian yaraki power, strength. good flying condition: FETTLE – used of a hawk or other bird used in hunting eagles ... are difficult to get into yarak – Douglas Carruthers.[417]
Yasht
Modern Persian یشت from Avesta. Avestan yashtay adoration. one of the hymns to angels or lesser divinities forming part of the Avesta[418]
Yuft
Etymology: Russian yuft', yukht', perhaps from Persian juft pair.[419]
Z
Zamindar
Etymology: zamindar, from Persian, from zamin land + -dar holder meaning "Possessor of real estate" in Persian. A collector of revenues from the cultivators of the land of a specified district for the government of India during the period of Muslim rule[420]
Zamindari
Etymology: from Persian, from zamindar.[421]
Zanza
Etymology: Arabic sanj castanets, cymbals, from Persian sanj. an African musical instrument consisting of graduated sets of tongues of wood or metal inserted into and resonated by a wooden box and sounded by plucking with the fingers or thumbs.[422]
Zarathushtra or Zarathustra
the Persian prophet
Zedoary
Etymology: Middle English zeduarie, from Medieval Latin zeduria, from Arabic zadwr, from Persian. an East Indian drug consisting of the rhizome of either of two species of curcuma, Curcuma zedoaria or C. aromatica, used as a stimulant.[423]
Zenana
Etymology: From Persian zan woman. The literal meaning is Women-related. The part of a dwelling in which the women of a family are secluded in India and Persian.[424]
Zena
feminine given name from Persian Zan (woman).
Zerda
Etymology: Arabic zerdaw, probably of Persian origin. Fennec.[425]
Zircon
from Persian zargun زرگون, "gold-colored"[426]
Zirconate
zircon + the suffix -ate, from Latin -atus
Zirconia
zircon + the New Latin -ia suffix
Zirconium
zircon + the New Latin suffix -ium
Zoroaster
from Persian Zarathushtra
Zoroastrianism
The religion brought forth by Zoroaster.
Zumbooruk
from Persian zanburah.[427]
References
Abbreviation Reference abbreviated
AHD online The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition. Free site.
MW Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
MW Online Merriam-Webster Unabridged. Subscription required.
OED Oxford English Dictionary. Ed. J.A. Simpson and E.S.C. Weiner. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.
OED Online Oxford University Press. Subscription required.
1. ^ "abbasi." MW.
2. ^ "abkar." MW.
3. ^ "abkari." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
4. ^ Harper, Douglas. "absinthe". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=absinthe.
5. ^ "achaemenid." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
6. ^ "achar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
7. ^ "afreet." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
8. ^ a b c d "stan", OED
9. ^ "ahu." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
10. ^ "ahung." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
11. ^ Old Persian Inscriptions
12. ^ "akhundzada." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
13. ^ "algorithm", OED
14. ^ algorism." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
15. ^ "alkekengi." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
16. ^ amani. Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
17. ^ angaria." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
18. ^ "angel." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
19. ^ "apadana." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
20. ^ [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Armenia Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq, Encyclopaedia Britannica: 11th Edition]
21. ^ http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-44266 Encyclopaedia Britannica Online
22. ^ Old Persian Inscriptions
23. ^ "arsenic", OED
24. ^ "Arya", OED
25. ^ "as." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (12 September 2006).
26. ^ "asafetida." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (12 September 2006).
27. ^ "Asmodeus", OED
28. ^ "aubergine", OED
29. ^ "aumildar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
30. ^ "avestan." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
31. ^ "azadirachta." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
32. ^ "azedarach." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
33. ^ "azure", OED
34. ^ "babouche." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
35. ^ "babouche", OED (marked as "not naturalized, alien")
36. ^ "babul." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
37. ^ "badian." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
38. ^ "bakhtiari." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
39. ^ "baksheesh", OED (marked as "not naturalized, alien")
40. ^ "baksheesh." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (14 September 2006).
41. ^ "balaghat." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
42. ^ A Dictionary of English Etymology By Hensleigh Wedgwood http://books.google.com/books?id=Hp8FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=balcony+etymology+persian&source=web&ots=mEFC9CJGqy&sig=JNyFUQ6dd54GRieHznoC7kOFbcs
43. ^ "baluchi." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
44. ^ "baluchistan." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
45. ^ "ban, n.2", OED (marked as "not naturalized, alien")
46. ^ "barbican", OED
47. ^ "barsom." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
48. ^ "bas." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
49. ^ "bazaar", OED
50. ^ "bazigar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
51. ^ "bedeguar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
52. ^ "begar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
53. ^ "begari." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
54. ^ "beige." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (14 September 2006).
55. ^ "belleric." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
56. ^ "bellum." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
57. ^ "benami." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
58. ^ "bezoar", OED
59. ^ "bezoar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (14 September 2006).
60. ^ "bheesty." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
61. ^ "bhumidar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
62. ^ "bibi." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
63. ^ "bildar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
64. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. [1]
65. ^ "biryani." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
66. ^ "bobachee." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
67. ^ "bombast." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
68. ^ "borax." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
69. ^ "borax", OED
70. ^ "bostanji." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
71. ^ Harper, Douglas. "bronze". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bronze.
72. ^ "brinjal." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
73. ^ "buckshee." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
74. ^ "budmash." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
75. ^ "bukshi." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
76. ^ "bulbul." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
77. ^ "bund." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
78. ^ "bunder boat." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
79. ^ "bundobust." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
80. ^ "burka." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
81. ^ "burkundaz." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
82. ^ "buzkashi", OED (marked as "not naturalized, alien")
83. ^ "calabash", OED
84. ^ "calean." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
85. ^ "calender." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
86. ^ "camaca." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
87. ^ Harper, Douglas. "candy". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=candy.
88. ^ "carafe", OED
89. ^ "caravan." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
90. ^ "caravansary." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
91. ^ "carcass." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
92. ^ "carcoon." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
93. ^ "cash." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
94. ^ "cassock", OED
95. ^ "cassock." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
96. ^ Harper, Douglas. "caviar". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=caviar.
97. ^ "ceterach." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
98. ^ "chador." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (4 October 2006).
99. ^ "chakar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
100. ^ "chakari." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
101. ^ "chakdar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
102. ^ "chalaza." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
103. ^ "chappow." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
104. ^ "charka." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (4 October 2006).
105. ^ "charpoy." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
106. ^ "chawbuck." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (4 October 2006).
107. ^ "check, int. and n.1", OED
108. ^ "check." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
109. ^ "checkmate, int. and n.", OED
110. ^ "checkmate." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
111. ^ "chess, n.1", OED
112. ^ "cheyney." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
113. ^ "chick." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (4 October 2006).
114. ^ "chillum." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
115. ^ "chillumchee." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (4 October 2006).
116. ^ "china." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
117. ^ "chinar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
118. ^ chobdar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
119. ^ "cinnabar", OED
120. ^ "coomb." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
121. ^ "culgee." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
122. ^ "cummerbund", OED (marked as "not naturalized, alien")
123. ^ "cushy." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
124. ^ "daeva." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
125. ^ a noncommissioned officer in the former Indian army or police
126. ^ "daftar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
127. ^ "daftardar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
128. ^ "dakhma." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
129. ^ "daroga." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
130. ^ "darvesh." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (4 October 2006).
131. ^ "darzi." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
132. ^ "das." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
133. ^ a b "dastur." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
134. ^ "dasturi." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
135. ^ "defterdar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
136. ^ "dehwar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
137. ^ "dervish", OED
138. ^ "dervish." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
139. ^ "dewan." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
140. ^ "div." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
141. ^ "divan", OED
142. ^ "divan." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
143. ^ "doab." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
144. ^ "dogana." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
145. ^ "douane." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
146. ^ "dubber." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
147. ^ "duftery." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
148. ^ "dumba." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
149. ^ "durbar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
150. ^ "durwan." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
151. ^ "dustuck." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
152. ^ "emblic." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
153. ^ "enamdar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
154. ^ "farsakh." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
155. ^ "Farsi, n. (a.)", OED
156. ^ "farsi." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
157. ^ "faujdar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
158. ^ "faujdari." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
159. ^ "feraghan." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
160. ^ "Feringhee", OED
161. ^ "fers." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
162. ^ "fida'i." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
163. ^ "firman." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
164. ^ "firman", OED
165. ^ "gatch." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
166. ^ "galingale", OED
167. ^ "Gherkin." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
168. ^ "ghorkhar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
169. ^ "giaour", OED (marked as "not naturalized, alien")
170. ^ "Guebre", OED
171. ^ "gigerium." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
172. ^ "gizzard." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
173. ^ "gul." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
174. ^ "guli hinnai." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
175. ^ "gulmohar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
176. ^ "gunge." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
177. ^ "gymkhana." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
178. ^ "halalcor." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
179. ^ "havildar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
180. ^ "hyleg." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
181. ^ "Hindi." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
182. ^ "Hindu, Hindoo, n. and a.", OED
183. ^ "Hindu." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
184. ^ "Hindustani." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
185. ^ "hircarrah." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
186. ^ "homa." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
187. ^ "India", OED
188. ^ D. Mackenzie. Iran and Iranshahr in Encyclopedia Iranica
189. ^ "ispaghul." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
190. ^ "jackal", OED
191. ^ "jackal." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
192. ^ Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
193. ^ "jama." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
194. ^ "jasmine, -in, jessamine, -in", OED
195. ^ "jasmine." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
196. ^ "jemadar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
197. ^ " Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
198. ^ Harper, Douglas. "jujube". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=jujube.
199. ^ "julep", OED
200. ^ "julep." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
201. ^ "cabob", OED
202. ^ kabuli." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
203. ^ "caftan", OED (marked as "not naturalized, alien")
204. ^ "kajawah." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
205. ^ "kala-azar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
206. ^ "Kamboh." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002
207. ^
Agar kahat ul rijal uftad, azeshan uns kamgiri
Eke Afghan, doyam Kamboh soyam badzat Kashmiri|
(Roebuck’s Oriental Proverbs, Part I. p. 99).
Trans: Of the Afghan, Kamboh and rascal Kashmiri, all three are rogues (degraded Kshatriyas). However, Richard F. Burton (Arabian Nights, Vol. 10, pp. 178-219) presents this proverb in the following form:
Agar kaht-i-mardurn uftad, az ín sih jins kam gírí;
Eki Afghán, dovvum Sindí,siyyum badjins-i-Kashmírí:
Trans: Of the Afghan, Sindi and rascal Kashmiri, all three are rogues (degraded kshatriyas).
{Note that for "Kamboh, Richard F. Burton presents Sindi. Others vary the saying ad libitum}
Yet, in another version of the same proverb, the three rogues stated are the Sindis, the Jats and the Kashmiris (See: Lady Burton, Arabian Nights, Vol IV, p 92; Also: Tribes and Castes of North-western Province and Oudh, p 120, William Crooke).
208. ^ Aina-i-Akbari, Abu-al-Fazal, English Trans by H. Blochman, Part I, p 614 .
209. ^ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, 1899, Govt. Central Press, p 14, Sir James MacNabb Campbell, Reginald Edward Enthoven.
210. ^ The Tribes and Castes of the north-western Provinces and Oudh, Vol III, p 120, William Crooke.
211. ^ See: The Composition of the Mughal Nobility, Online Encyclopedia of Britannica; Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb, 2002, p 21, M Athar Ali; Some Aspects of Afghan Despotism in India, 1969, pp 23, 59, Iqtidar Hussain Siddiqui; Medieval India, A Miscellany, 1969, p 154, Aligar University Department of History, Center of Advanced Studies; cf: Cultural History of India, 1975, p 261, prof A. L. Basham; See also quote in: Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, 1899, Govt. Central Press, p 14, Sir James MacNabb Campbell, Reginald Edward Enthoven.
212. ^ See: An Inquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan, 1891, pp. 2, 146, 150, H. W. Bellew; Literary History of Ancient India, 1952, p 165, Dr Chandra Chakraverty; Problems of Indian Society, 1968, p 69, Dr D. Bose; BHartiya Itihaas ki Mimamsa, p 230, Dr J. C. vidyalankar; Bani Kanta Kakati Memorial Lecturers, p 21, Gauhati University; India and the World, 1964, p 154, Dr Buddha Prakash; Geographical Data in Early Purana, A Critical Study, 1972, p 168, Dr M. R. Singh; Report on the Settlement of Land Revenue of Sultanpur Distt. (With) Accompaniement; 1873, p 88, A. F. Millet; Tribes of Ancient India, 1977, p 322, Dr M. Choudhury; Supplementary Glossary of Tribes, 1844, p 304, H. M. Ellot; The Tribes and Castes of North-western and Oudh, 1906, pp 119-120, 458, William Crooke; Early History of India, 1942, p 2, Roshan Rai; History of Poros, 1967, p 12, Dr Buddha Prakash; Kirata-Kriti: The Indo-Mongloloids, Their Contribution to History and Culture of India, 1974, p 113, Dr S. K. Chatterjee; cf: Indo-Aryans: contributions towards the elucidation of their ancient and mediæval history, 1881, p 187, Rājendralāla Mitra etc.
213. ^ See: Vedic index of names & subjects by Dr. Arthur Anthony Macdonnel, Dr Arthur. B Keath, I.84, p 138; Ethnology of Ancient Bhārata, 1970, p 107, Dr Ram Chandra Jain; The Journal of Asian Studies, 1956, p 384, Association for Asian Studies, Far Eastern Association (U.S.); Balocistān: siyāsī kashmakash, muz̤mirāt va rujḥānāt, 1989, p 2, Munīr Aḥmad Marrī; India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī, 1953, p 49, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala; Afghanistan, p 58, W. K. Fraser, M. C. Gillet; Afghanistan, its People, its Society, its Culture, Donal N. Wilber, 1962, p 80, 311 etc.
214. ^ See: Ramayana of Valmiki, Canto No VI, The King, p 14, fn 13:6, Ralph T. H. Griffth: i.e. "Name Kamboja is etymologically connected with Cambyses which in the cuneiform inscription of Behistun is written Ka(m)bujia" ; Der Name Kambyses (Kanbujiya), ZII 2, 1923, pp. 140-52, Dr. J. Charpentier; L'Inde aux temps des Maurya, p. 15 and 40. La Valle Poussin; Early Zoroastrian, 2005, p 45, James Hope Moulton, Kessinger Publishing; Ancient Kamboja, Iran and Islam, 1971, p 68-71, Dr H. W. Bailey; Kyros, Beitrage zur Namen-forschung, II (1964), p 210, Dr. W. Eiler; Aryan and Non-Aryan Names in Vedic India, Data for Linguistic situation, C 1900-500 BC, footnote 24, Dr Michael Witzel; The Home of the Aryan, p 6, footnote 11, Dr Michael Witzel, Harvard University. Other prominent scholars include Dr C. Lassen, Dr. A. A. Macdonnel, Dr A. B. Keith, Dr G. Kuhn, Dr A Hoffman, Dr G. K. Nariman, Dr S. Levi, H. W. Bellew, Dr Markwart, Dr S. Sen, Dr D. R. Bhandarkar, Dr V. S. Aggarwala, Musa Khan Jalzai etc.
215. ^ Manusmriti X.43-44.
216. ^ Mahabharata 13.23.20-23.
217. ^ See: Indian Caste, 2000, p 419, John Wilson; Ancient Indian Republics: From the Earliest Times to the 6th Century A.D., 1976, p 101, Shive Nandan Misra; Vikrama Volume, 1046,p 599, Vikramāditya Śakāri; Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1841, p 426, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; The Pāradas: A Study in Their Coinage and History, 1972, p 53, Bratindra Nath Mukherjee; Society and Religion: From Rigveda to Puranas, 1996, p 134, Jayant Gadkari; Hindu Superiority: An Attempt to Determine the Position of the Hindu Race in the Scale of Nations, 1922, p 158, Har Bilas Sarda.
218. ^ NOTE: "Vrishaltah was an epithet used for the high caste Kshatriyas who had ceased to obsertve brahmanical codes and rituals stipulated in the Hindu Religious Books" (See: Chandragupta Mauriya, National Book Trust India, pp 57-58, Gopal Lalanji).
219. ^ Harivamsa 14.1.19.
220. ^ Vishnu Purana 5.3.15-21, Vayu Purana 18.127-43, Brahma Purana 8.35-51, Brahamanda Purana 3.63.123-141; Shiva Purana 7.61.23; Vishnu Purana 5.3.15-21, Padama Purana 6.21.16-33 etc.
221. ^ Ancient Indian Historical Traditions, p 268-69, Dr F. E. Pargiter.
222. ^ MBH 6.65.31-33.
223. ^ See: Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, 1901, pp 447-448, Sir James MacNabb Campbell, Reginald Edward Enthoven.
224. ^ A History of India, Vol I, p 51.
225. ^ karez." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
226. ^ "kemancha." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
227. ^ "kerana." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
228. ^ "kenaf." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
229. ^ "khaki", OED (marked as "not naturalized, alien")
230. ^ "khaksar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
231. ^ "khan." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
232. ^ "khankah." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
233. ^ "khidmatgar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
234. ^ "khoja." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
235. ^ khuskhus." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
236. ^ "kincob." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
237. ^ "kiosk", OED (marked as "not naturalized, alien")
238. ^ "kiosk." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
239. ^ "koftgari." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
240. ^ "koh-i-noor", OED (marked as "not naturalized, alien")
241. ^ "koh-i-noor." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
242. ^ kotwal. Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
243. ^ "kotwalee." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
244. ^ "kran." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
245. ^ "kurta." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
246. ^ "kusti." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
247. ^ "lac." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
248. ^ "lamasery." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
249. ^ "larin." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
250. ^ Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2006
251. ^ lasque." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
252. ^ "leucothoe." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
253. ^ a b c Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006.
254. ^ "lilac", OED
255. ^ "lungi." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
256. ^ "laari." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
257. ^ a b "magic." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
258. ^ "Magus", OED>
259. ^ "malguzar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
260. ^ "manichaean." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
261. ^ "manticore", OED
262. ^ "manticore." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
263. ^ "markhor." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
264. ^ "mazdakite." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
265. ^ "mazdoor." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
266. ^ "mehmandar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
267. ^ "mehtar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
268. ^ "mesua." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
269. ^ "mezereon." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
270. ^ "mirza." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
271. ^ a b c "mithras", OED
272. ^ "Mithraeum", OED
273. ^ "Mithraism", OED
274. ^ "mobed." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
275. ^ "Mogul, n.1 and a.", OED
276. ^ "mohur." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
277. ^ "mummy." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
278. ^ "murra." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
279. ^ "musk, n.", OED
280. ^ "musk." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
281. ^ "musth." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
282. ^ "Mussulman, n. and a.", OED
283. ^ "nakhoda." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
284. ^ namaz." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
285. ^ naphtha." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
286. ^ "nargil." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
287. ^ a b c Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006.
288. ^ nauruz." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
289. ^ "nay." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
290. ^ "neftgil." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
291. ^ "numdah." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
292. ^ "naan." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
293. ^ "nuristani." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
294. ^ "orange, n.1 and a.1", OED
295. ^ .1) Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006
296. ^ padishah." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
297. ^ "pahlavi." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
298. ^ "pajama." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
299. ^ a b c The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
300. ^ "paneer." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
301. ^ papoosh." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
302. ^ "para." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
303. ^ Paradise - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
304. ^ Harper, Douglas. "paradise". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=paradise.
305. ^ Parasang - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
306. ^ parasang." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
307. ^ "pargana." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
308. ^ Harper, Douglas. "Parsee". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Parsee.
309. ^ "parsi." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
310. ^ Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006
311. ^ "pasar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
312. ^ "pashm." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
313. ^ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Pashmina Webster's New Millennium Dictionary of English, Preview Edition (v 0.9.6) Copyright © 2003-2005 Lexico Publishing Group, LLC
314. ^ pashto." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (11 April 2007).
315. ^ peach, OED.
316. ^ "peach." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
317. ^ "percale." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
318. ^ "percaline." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
319. ^ "peri." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
320. ^ "peshwa." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
321. ^ Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.0.1) Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006. [2]
322. ^ "pir." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
323. ^ "pistachio." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
324. ^ posteen." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
325. ^ "prophet flower." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
326. ^ Punjabi." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
327. ^ "purwannah." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
328. ^ "pyke." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
329. ^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pajama
330. ^ Heritage of Persia, Richard Nelson Frye, Professor of Iranian Hravard University, 1963 The World Publishing Company
331. ^ rook." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
332. ^ Harper, Douglas. "rose". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=rose.
333. ^ "rose." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
334. ^ Harper, Douglas. "roxanne". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=roxanne.
335. ^ "sabzi." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
336. ^ "saffian." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
337. ^ "samosa." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
338. ^ "sandal." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
339. ^ "saoshyant." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
340. ^ "sarangousty." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (12 September 2006).
341. ^ "sarod." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (12 September 2006).
342. ^ "sarwan." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
343. ^ Harper, Douglas. "satrap". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=satrap.
344. ^ "scarlet." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
345. ^ "scimitar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002.
346. ^ "sebesten." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
347. ^ "seer." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
348. ^ "seerpaw." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
349. ^ "seersucker." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (12 September 2006).
350. ^ "seersucker_sans." Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary. http://spokensanskrit.de/ (30 December 2008).
351. ^ "sepoy." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
352. ^ "serai." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (12 September 2006).
353. ^ Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.0.1) Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006. [3]
354. ^ "serang." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (12 September 2006).
355. ^ "serdab." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
356. ^ "sesban." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
357. ^ "setwall." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
358. ^ "shabunder." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (12 September 2006).
359. ^ "shah." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
360. ^ "shahi." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (12 September 2006).
361. ^ "shahidi." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (12 September 2006).
362. ^ "shahin." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
363. ^ "shahzada." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (12 September 2006).
364. ^ "shame." English to Farsi Dictionary.http://beta.ariadic.com/# (30 December 2008).
365. ^ "shamiana." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
366. ^ "shawl." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (12 September 2006).
367. ^ "sheristadar." Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster, 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com (12 September 2006).
368 |
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English and Persian have many words of common Proto-Indo-European origin " |
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